Fix: treat first text/plain alternative as plaintext body

Improve handling of alternative parts and `content_subtype`
to match how Django's SMTP backend handles some unusual cases.

Change Test backend to support (and record) text/* alternative
parts. (But still reject other types of alternatives.)

Fixes #252

CHANGELOG.rst

@@ -25,6 +25,20 @@ Release history
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
     ..  This extra heading level keeps the ToC from becoming unmanageably long
 
+vNext
+-----
+
+*Unreleased changes on main branch*
+
+Fixes
+~~~~~
+
+* Allow `attach_alternative("content", "text/plain")` in place of setting
+  an EmailMessage's `body`, and generally improve alternative part
+  handling for consistency with Django's SMTP EmailBackend.
+  (Thanks to `@cjsoftuk`_ for reporting the issue.)
+
+
 v8.4
 ----
 
@@ -1241,6 +1255,7 @@ Features
 .. _@anstosa: https://github.com/anstosa
 .. _@calvin: https://github.com/calvin
 .. _@chrisgrande: https://github.com/chrisgrande
+.. _@cjsoftuk: https://github.com/cjsoftuk
 .. _@costela: https://github.com/costela
 .. _@decibyte: https://github.com/decibyte
 .. _@dominik-lekse: https://github.com/dominik-lekse

anymail/backends/base.py

@@ -281,9 +281,7 @@ class BasePayload:
                     else:
                         value = converter(value)
             if value is not UNSET:
-                if attr == 'body':
-                    setter = self.set_html_body if message.content_subtype == 'html' else self.set_text_body
-                elif attr == 'from_email':
+                if attr == 'from_email':
                     setter = self.set_from_email_list
                 elif attr == 'extra_headers':
                     setter = self.process_extra_headers
@@ -452,6 +450,18 @@ class BasePayload:
         # headers is a CaseInsensitiveDict, and is a copy (so is safe to modify)
         self.unsupported_feature('extra_headers')
 
+    def set_body(self, body):
+        # Interpret message.body depending on message.content_subtype.
+        # (Subclasses should generally implement set_text_body and set_html_body
+        # rather than overriding this.)
+        content_subtype = self.message.content_subtype
+        if content_subtype == "plain":
+            self.set_text_body(body)
+        elif content_subtype == "html":
+            self.set_html_body(body)
+        else:
+            self.add_alternative(body, "text/%s" % content_subtype)
+
     def set_text_body(self, body):
         raise NotImplementedError("%s.%s must implement set_text_body" %
                                   (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
@@ -461,17 +471,28 @@ class BasePayload:
                                   (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__))
 
     def set_alternatives(self, alternatives):
+        # Handle treating first text/{plain,html} alternatives as bodies.
+        # (Subclasses should generally implement add_alternative
+        # rather than overriding this.)
+        has_plain_body = self.message.content_subtype == "plain" and self.message.body
+        has_html_body = self.message.content_subtype == "html" and self.message.body
         for content, mimetype in alternatives:
-            if mimetype == "text/html":
-                # This assumes that there's at most one html alternative,
-                # and so it should be the html body. (Most ESPs don't
-                # support multiple html alternative parts anyway.)
+            if mimetype == "text/plain" and not has_plain_body:
+                self.set_text_body(content)
+                has_plain_body = True
+            elif mimetype == "text/html" and not has_html_body:
                 self.set_html_body(content)
+                has_html_body = True
             else:
                 self.add_alternative(content, mimetype)
 
     def add_alternative(self, content, mimetype):
-        self.unsupported_feature("alternative part with type '%s'" % mimetype)
+        if mimetype == "text/plain":
+            self.unsupported_feature("multiple plaintext parts")
+        elif mimetype == "text/html":
+            self.unsupported_feature("multiple html parts")
+        else:
+            self.unsupported_feature("alternative part with type '%s'" % mimetype)
 
     def set_attachments(self, attachments):
         for attachment in attachments:

anymail/backends/test.py

@@ -107,7 +107,12 @@ class TestPayload(BasePayload):
         self.params['html_body'] = body
 
     def add_alternative(self, content, mimetype):
-        self.unsupported_feature("alternative part with type '%s'" % mimetype)
+        # For testing purposes, we allow all "text/*" alternatives,
+        # but not any other mimetypes.
+        if mimetype.startswith('text'):
+            self.params.setdefault('alternatives', []).append((content, mimetype))
+        else:
+            self.unsupported_feature("alternative part with type '%s'" % mimetype)
 
     def add_attachment(self, attachment):
         self.params.setdefault('attachments', []).append(attachment)

tests/test_general_backend.py

@@ -426,6 +426,67 @@ class SpecialHeaderTests(TestBackendTestCase):
             self.message.send()
 
 
+class AlternativePartsTests(TestBackendTestCase):
+    """Anymail should handle alternative parts consistently with Django's SMTP backend"""
+
+    def test_default_usage(self):
+        """Body defaults to text/plain, use alternative for html"""
+        self.message.body = "plain body"
+        self.message.attach_alternative("html body", "text/html")
+        self.message.send()
+        params = self.get_send_params()
+        self.assertEqual(params['text_body'], "plain body")
+        self.assertEqual(params['html_body'], "html body")
+        self.assertNotIn('alternatives', params)
+
+    def test_content_subtype_html(self):
+        """Change body to text/html, use alternative for plain"""
+        self.message.content_subtype = "html"
+        self.message.body = "html body"
+        self.message.attach_alternative("plain body", "text/plain")
+        self.message.send()
+        params = self.get_send_params()
+        self.assertEqual(params['text_body'], "plain body")
+        self.assertEqual(params['html_body'], "html body")
+        self.assertNotIn('alternatives', params)
+
+    def test_attach_plain_and_html(self):
+        """Use alternatives for both bodies"""
+        message = AnymailMessage(subject="Subject", from_email="from@example.com", to=["to@example.com"])
+        message.attach_alternative("plain body", "text/plain")
+        message.attach_alternative("html body", "text/html")
+        message.send()
+        params = self.get_send_params()
+        self.assertEqual(params['text_body'], "plain body")
+        self.assertEqual(params['html_body'], "html body")
+        self.assertNotIn('alternatives', params)
+
+    def test_additional_plain_part(self):
+        """Two plaintext bodies"""
+        # In theory this is supported (e.g., for different languages or charsets),
+        # though MUAs are unlikely to display anything after the first.
+        self.message.body = "plain body"
+        self.message.attach_alternative("second plain body", "text/plain")
+        self.message.send()
+        params = self.get_send_params()
+        self.assertEqual(params['text_body'], "plain body")
+        self.assertEqual(params['alternatives'], [("second plain body", "text/plain")])
+
+    def test_exotic_content_subtype(self):
+        """Change body to text/calendar, use alternatives for plain and html"""
+        # This is unlikely to work with most ESPs, but we can try to communicate the intent...
+        # (You probably want an attachment rather than an alternative part.)
+        self.message.content_subtype = "calendar"
+        self.message.body = "BEGIN:VCALENDAR..."
+        self.message.attach_alternative("plain body", "text/plain")
+        self.message.attach_alternative("html body", "text/html")
+        self.message.send()
+        params = self.get_send_params()
+        self.assertEqual(params['text_body'], "plain body")
+        self.assertEqual(params['html_body'], "html body")
+        self.assertEqual(params['alternatives'], [("BEGIN:VCALENDAR...", "text/calendar")])
+
+
 class BatchSendDetectionTestCase(TestBackendTestCase):
     """Tests shared code to consistently determine whether to use batch send"""