Confirm support for Django 4.1

Replaces deprecated `django.utils.timezone.utc` with
`datetime.timezone.utc` (available since Python 3.2).

CHANGELOG.rst

@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ Features
 * Support customizing the requests.Session for requests-based backends,
   and document how this can be used to mount an adapter that simplifies
   automatic retry logic. (Thanks to `@dgilmanAIDENTIFIED`_.)
+* Confirm support for Django 4.1 and resolve deprecation warning regarding
+  ``django.utils.timezone.utc``.
 
 Fixes
 ~~~~~

anymail/backends/base.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import json
-from datetime import date, datetime
+from datetime import date, datetime, timezone
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.mail.backends.base import BaseEmailBackend
-from django.utils.timezone import is_naive, get_current_timezone, make_aware, utc
+from django.utils.timezone import is_naive, get_current_timezone, make_aware
 from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 
 from ..exceptions import (
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ class BasePayload:
                 dt = datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)  # naive, midnight
             else:
                 try:
-                    dt = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(value).replace(tzinfo=utc)
+                    dt = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(value).replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
                 except (TypeError, ValueError):
                     return value
         if is_naive(dt):

anymail/webhooks/mailgun.py

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 from django.utils.crypto import constant_time_compare
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from .base import AnymailBaseWebhookView
 from ..exceptions import AnymailConfigurationError, AnymailWebhookValidationFailure, AnymailInvalidAddress
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ class MailgunTrackingWebhookView(MailgunBaseWebhookView):
         recipient = event_data.get('recipient')
 
         try:
-            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(float(event_data['timestamp']), tz=utc)
+            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(float(event_data['timestamp']), tz=timezone.utc)
         except KeyError:
             timestamp = None
 
@@ -213,7 +212,8 @@ class MailgunTrackingWebhookView(MailgunBaseWebhookView):
                 "to Anymail's Mailgun *tracking* webhook URL.")
 
         event_type = self.legacy_event_types.get(esp_event.getfirst('event'), EventType.UNKNOWN)
-        timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(int(esp_event['timestamp']), tz=utc)  # use *last* value of timestamp
+        timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(
+            int(esp_event['timestamp']), tz=timezone.utc)  # use *last* value of timestamp
         # Message-Id is not documented for every event, but seems to always be included.
         # (It's sometimes spelled as 'message-id', lowercase, and missing the <angle-brackets>.)
         message_id = esp_event.getfirst('Message-Id', None) or esp_event.getfirst('message-id', None)
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ class MailgunInboundWebhookView(MailgunBaseWebhookView):
 
         return AnymailInboundEvent(
             event_type=EventType.INBOUND,
-            timestamp=datetime.fromtimestamp(int(request.POST['timestamp']), tz=utc),
+            timestamp=datetime.fromtimestamp(int(request.POST['timestamp']), tz=timezone.utc),
             event_id=request.POST.get('token', None),
             esp_event=esp_event,
             message=message,

anymail/webhooks/mailjet.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from .base import AnymailBaseWebhookView
 from ..inbound import AnymailInboundMessage
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class MailjetTrackingWebhookView(AnymailBaseWebhookView):
             event_type = EventType.DEFERRED
 
         try:
-            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(esp_event['time'], tz=utc)
+            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(esp_event['time'], tz=timezone.utc)
         except (KeyError, ValueError):
             timestamp = None
 

anymail/webhooks/mandrill.py

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 from base64 import b64encode
 from django.utils.crypto import constant_time_compare
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from .base import AnymailBaseWebhookView, AnymailCoreWebhookView
 from ..exceptions import AnymailWebhookValidationFailure
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ class MandrillCombinedWebhookView(MandrillSignatureMixin, AnymailBaseWebhookView
         event_type = self.event_types.get(esp_type, EventType.UNKNOWN)
 
         try:
-            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(esp_event['ts'], tz=utc)
+            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(esp_event['ts'], tz=timezone.utc)
         except (KeyError, ValueError):
             timestamp = None
 
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ class MandrillCombinedWebhookView(MandrillSignatureMixin, AnymailBaseWebhookView
         message.spam_score = esp_event['msg'].get('spam_report', {}).get('score', None)
 
         try:
-            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(esp_event['ts'], tz=utc)
+            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(esp_event['ts'], tz=timezone.utc)
         except (KeyError, ValueError):
             timestamp = None
 

anymail/webhooks/postal.py

@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 import binascii
 import json
 from base64 import b64decode
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
-
 from .base import AnymailBaseWebhookView
 from ..exceptions import (
     AnymailInvalidAddress,
@@ -94,7 +92,7 @@ class PostalTrackingWebhookView(PostalBaseWebhookView):
 
         raw_timestamp = esp_event.get("timestamp")
         timestamp = (
-            datetime.fromtimestamp(int(raw_timestamp), tz=utc)
+            datetime.fromtimestamp(int(raw_timestamp), tz=timezone.utc)
             if raw_timestamp
             else None
         )

anymail/webhooks/sendgrid.py

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from email.parser import BytesParser
 from email.policy import default as default_policy
 
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from .base import AnymailBaseWebhookView
 from ..inbound import AnymailInboundMessage
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ class SendGridTrackingWebhookView(AnymailBaseWebhookView):
     def esp_to_anymail_event(self, esp_event):
         event_type = self.event_types.get(esp_event['event'], EventType.UNKNOWN)
         try:
-            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(esp_event['timestamp'], tz=utc)
+            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(esp_event['timestamp'], tz=timezone.utc)
         except (KeyError, ValueError):
             timestamp = None
 

anymail/webhooks/sendinblue.py

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
-
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 from .base import AnymailBaseWebhookView
 from ..signals import AnymailTrackingEvent, EventType, RejectReason, tracking
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ class SendinBlueTrackingWebhookView(AnymailBaseWebhookView):
             # SendinBlue supplies "ts", "ts_event" and "date" fields, which seem to be based on the
             # timezone set in the account preferences (and possibly with inconsistent DST adjustment).
             # "ts_epoch" is the only field that seems to be consistently UTC; it's in milliseconds
-            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(esp_event["ts_epoch"] / 1000.0, tz=utc)
+            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(esp_event["ts_epoch"] / 1000.0, tz=timezone.utc)
         except (KeyError, ValueError):
             timestamp = None
 

anymail/webhooks/sparkpost.py

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 import json
 from base64 import b64decode
-from datetime import datetime
-
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
 from .base import AnymailBaseWebhookView
 from ..exceptions import AnymailConfigurationError
@@ -128,7 +126,7 @@ class SparkPostTrackingWebhookView(SparkPostBaseWebhookView):
 
         event_type = self.event_types.get(event['type'], EventType.UNKNOWN)
         try:
-            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(int(event['timestamp']), tz=utc)
+            timestamp = datetime.fromtimestamp(int(event['timestamp']), tz=timezone.utc)
         except (KeyError, TypeError, ValueError):
             timestamp = None
 

docs/sending/anymail_additions.rst

@@ -214,10 +214,9 @@ an :ref:`unsupported feature <unsupported-features>` error.
 
         .. code-block:: python
 
-            from datetime import datetime, timedelta
-            from django.utils.timezone import utc
+            from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 
-            message.send_at = datetime.now(utc) + timedelta(hours=1)
+            message.send_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(hours=1)
 
         To avoid confusion, it's best to provide either an *aware*
         `~datetime.datetime` (one that has its tzinfo set), or an

setup.py

@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ setup(
         "Framework :: Django :: 3.1",
         "Framework :: Django :: 3.2",
         "Framework :: Django :: 4.0",
+        "Framework :: Django :: 4.1",
         "Environment :: Web Environment",
     ],
     long_description=long_description,

tests/test_amazon_ses_inbound.py

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import json
 from base64 import b64encode
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from textwrap import dedent
 from unittest.mock import ANY, patch
 
 from django.test import tag
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from anymail.exceptions import AnymailAPIError, AnymailConfigurationError
 from anymail.inbound import AnymailInboundMessage
@@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ class AmazonSESInboundTests(WebhookTestCase, AmazonSESWebhookTestsMixin):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailInboundEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, 'inbound')
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 3, 30, 17, 21, 51, microsecond=636000, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 3, 30, 17, 21, 51, microsecond=636000, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "jili9m351il3gkburn7o2f0u6788stij94c8ld01")
         self.assertIsInstance(event.message, AnymailInboundMessage)
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_ses_event)
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ class AmazonSESInboundTests(WebhookTestCase, AmazonSESWebhookTestsMixin):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailInboundEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, 'inbound')
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 3, 30, 17, 21, 51, microsecond=636000, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 3, 30, 17, 21, 51, microsecond=636000, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "jili9m351il3gkburn7o2f0u6788stij94c8ld01")
         self.assertIsInstance(event.message, AnymailInboundMessage)
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_ses_event)
@@ -248,7 +247,7 @@ class AmazonSESInboundTests(WebhookTestCase, AmazonSESWebhookTestsMixin):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailInboundEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, 'inbound')
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 3, 30, 17, 21, 51, microsecond=636000, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 3, 30, 17, 21, 51, microsecond=636000, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "fqef5sop459utgdf4o9lqbsv7jeo73pejig34301")
         self.assertIsInstance(event.message, AnymailInboundMessage)
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_ses_event)

tests/test_amazon_ses_webhooks.py

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 import json
 import warnings
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from unittest.mock import ANY, patch
 
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase, override_settings, tag
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from anymail.exceptions import AnymailConfigurationError, AnymailInsecureWebhookWarning
 from anymail.signals import AnymailTrackingEvent
@@ -116,7 +115,10 @@ class AmazonSESNotificationsTests(WebhookTestCase, AmazonSESWebhookTestsMixin):
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "bounced")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_ses_event)
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 3, 26, 17, 58, 59, microsecond=675000, tzinfo=utc))  # SNS
+        self.assertEqual(
+            event.timestamp,
+            datetime(2018, 3, 26, 17, 58, 59, microsecond=675000, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        )  # SNS
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "00000138111222aa-33322211-cccc-cccc-cccc-ddddaaaa0680-000000")
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "19ba9823-d7f2-53c1-860e-cb10e0d13dfc")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "jane@example.com")
@@ -264,7 +266,10 @@ class AmazonSESNotificationsTests(WebhookTestCase, AmazonSESWebhookTestsMixin):
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "sent")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_ses_event)
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 3, 26, 17, 58, 59, microsecond=675000, tzinfo=utc))  # SNS
+        self.assertEqual(
+            event.timestamp,
+            datetime(2018, 3, 26, 17, 58, 59, microsecond=675000, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        )  # SNS
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "7c191be45-e9aedb9a-02f9-4d12-a87d-dd0099a07f8a-000000")
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "19ba9823-d7f2-53c1-860e-cb10e0d13dfc")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "recipient@example.com")

tests/test_general_backend.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from email.mime.text import MIMEText
 
 from django.core import mail
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from django.core.mail import get_connection, send_mail
 from django.test import SimpleTestCase
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
 from django.utils.functional import Promise
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
 
 from anymail.backends.test import EmailBackend as TestBackend, TestPayload
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ class SendDefaultsTests(TestBackendTestCase):
         'SEND_DEFAULTS': {
             # This isn't an exhaustive list of Anymail message attrs; just one of each type
             'metadata': {'global': 'globalvalue'},
-            'send_at': datetime(2016, 5, 12, 4, 17, 0, tzinfo=utc),
+            'send_at': datetime(2016, 5, 12, 4, 17, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
             'tags': ['globaltag'],
             'template_id': 'my-template',
             'track_clicks': True,
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ class SendDefaultsTests(TestBackendTestCase):
         params = self.get_send_params()
         # All these values came from ANYMAIL_SEND_DEFAULTS:
         self.assertEqual(params['metadata'], {'global': 'globalvalue'})
-        self.assertEqual(params['send_at'], datetime(2016, 5, 12, 4, 17, 0, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(params['send_at'], datetime(2016, 5, 12, 4, 17, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(params['tags'], ['globaltag'])
         self.assertEqual(params['template_id'], 'my-template')
         self.assertEqual(params['track_clicks'], True)

tests/test_mailgun_inbound.py

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from io import BytesIO
 from textwrap import dedent
 from unittest.mock import ANY
 
 from django.test import override_settings, tag
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from anymail.exceptions import AnymailConfigurationError
 from anymail.inbound import AnymailInboundMessage
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ class MailgunInboundTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailInboundEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, 'inbound')
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 21, 17, 55, 30, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 21, 17, 55, 30, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "06c96bafc3f42a66b9edd546347a2fe18dc23461fe80dc52f0")
         self.assertIsInstance(event.message, AnymailInboundMessage)
         self.assertEqual(querydict_to_postdict(event.esp_event.POST), raw_event)

tests/test_mailgun_webhooks.py

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from unittest.mock import ANY
 
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.test import override_settings, tag
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from anymail.exceptions import AnymailConfigurationError
 from anymail.signals import AnymailTrackingEvent
@@ -197,7 +196,7 @@ class MailgunTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "delivered")
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 8, 12, 21, 17, 17, microsecond=153125, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 8, 12, 21, 17, 17, microsecond=153125, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "<20180812211713.1.DF5966851B4BAA99@example.org>")
         # Note that Anymail uses the "token" as its normalized event_id:
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "651869375b9df3c98fc15c4889b102119add1235c38fc92824")
@@ -513,7 +512,7 @@ class MailgunLegacyTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "delivered")
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 21, 17, 55, 30, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 21, 17, 55, 30, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "<20160421175529.19495.89030.B3AE3728@example.com>")
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "06c96bafc3f42a66b9edd546347a2fe18dc23461fe80dc52f0")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "recipient@example.com")
@@ -552,7 +551,7 @@ class MailgunLegacyTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "rejected")
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 21, 17, 55, 30, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 21, 17, 55, 30, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "<20160421180324.70521.79375.96884DDB@example.com>")
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "a3fe1fa1640349ac552b84ddde373014b4c41645830c8dd3fc")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "bounce@example.com")

tests/test_mailjet_webhooks.py

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from unittest.mock import ANY
 
 from django.test import tag
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from anymail.signals import AnymailTrackingEvent
 from anymail.webhooks.mailjet import MailjetTrackingWebhookView
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ class MailjetDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "delivered")
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2017, 6, 22, 1, 5, 27, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2017, 6, 22, 1, 5, 27, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_events[0])
         self.assertEqual(event.mta_response, "sent (250 2.0.0 OK 1498093527 a67bc12345def.22 - gsmtp)")
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "12345678901234567")  # converted to str (matching backend status)
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ class MailjetDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "delivered")
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2017, 6, 22, 1, 5, 27, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2017, 6, 22, 1, 5, 27, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_event)
         self.assertEqual(event.mta_response, "sent (250 2.0.0 OK 1498093527 a67bc12345def.22 - gsmtp)")
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "12345678901234567")  # converted to str (matching backend status)

tests/test_mandrill_webhooks.py

@@ -2,13 +2,12 @@ import hashlib
 import hmac
 import json
 from base64 import b64encode
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from unittest.mock import ANY
 from urllib.parse import urljoin
 
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.test import override_settings, tag
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from anymail.signals import AnymailTrackingEvent
 from anymail.webhooks.mandrill import MandrillCombinedWebhookView, MandrillTrackingWebhookView
@@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ class MandrillTrackingTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "sent")
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 19, 19, 47, 26, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 19, 19, 47, 26, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_events[0])
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "abcdef012345789abcdef012345789")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "recipient@example.com")

tests/test_postal_webhooks.py

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import json
 import unittest
 from base64 import b64encode
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from unittest.mock import ANY
 
 from django.test import tag
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from anymail.exceptions import AnymailConfigurationError
 from anymail.signals import AnymailTrackingEvent
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ class PostalDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "bounced")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_event)
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime.fromtimestamp(1606753101, tz=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime.fromtimestamp(1606753101, tz=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, 233843)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "0fcc831f-92b9-4e2b-97f2-d873abc77fab")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "bounce@example.com")
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ class PostalDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "deferred")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_event)
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime.fromtimestamp(1606753101, tz=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime.fromtimestamp(1606753101, tz=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, 1564)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "0fcc831f-92b9-4e2b-97f2-d873abc77fab")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "deferred@example.com")
@@ -190,7 +189,7 @@ class PostalDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "queued")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_event)
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime.fromtimestamp(1606753101, tz=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime.fromtimestamp(1606753101, tz=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, 1568)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "9be13015-2e54-456c-bf66-eacbe33da824")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "suppressed@example.com")
@@ -235,7 +234,7 @@ class PostalDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "failed")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_event)
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime.fromtimestamp(1606753101, tz=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime.fromtimestamp(1606753101, tz=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, 1571)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "5fec5077-dae7-4989-94d5-e1963f3e9181")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "failed@example.com")
@@ -280,7 +279,7 @@ class PostalDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "delivered")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_event)
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime.fromtimestamp(1606753101, tz=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime.fromtimestamp(1606753101, tz=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, 1563)
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "recipient@example.com")
         self.assertEqual(event.tags, ["welcome-email"])

tests/test_postmark_webhooks.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from unittest.mock import ANY
 
 from django.test import tag
-from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone, utc
+from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone
 
 from anymail.exceptions import AnymailConfigurationError
 from anymail.signals import AnymailTrackingEvent
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class PostmarkDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "clicked")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_event)
         self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2017, 10, 25, 15, 21, 11, microsecond=906561,
-                                                   tzinfo=utc))
+                                                   tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "f4830d10-9c35-4f0c-bca3-3d9b459821f8")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "recipient@example.com")
         self.assertEqual(event.user_agent, "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_5) etc.")
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class PostmarkDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "unsubscribed")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_event)
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2022, 6, 5, 17, 17, 32, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2022, 6, 5, 17, 17, 32, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "a4909a96-73d7-4c49-b148-a54522d3f7ac")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "john@example.com",)
         self.assertEqual(event.reject_reason, "unsubscribed")
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ class PostmarkDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "subscribed")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_event)
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2022, 6, 5, 17, 17, 32, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2022, 6, 5, 17, 17, 32, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "a4909a96-73d7-4c49-b148-a54522d3f7ac")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "john@example.com",)
         self.assertEqual(event.reject_reason, None)
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class PostmarkDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "bounced")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_event)
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2022, 6, 5, 17, 17, 32,  tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2022, 6, 5, 17, 17, 32,  tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "b4cb783d-78ed-43f2-983b-63f55c712dc8")
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "john@example.com",)
         self.assertEqual(event.reject_reason, "bounced")

tests/test_sendgrid_webhooks.py

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from unittest.mock import ANY
 
 from django.test import tag
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from anymail.signals import AnymailTrackingEvent
 from anymail.webhooks.sendgrid import SendGridTrackingWebhookView
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ class SendGridDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "queued")
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 19, 19, 47, 26, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 19, 19, 47, 26, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_events[0])
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "3c2f4df8-c6dd-4cd2-9b91-6582b81a0349")
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "ZyjAM5rnQmuI1KFInHQ3Nw")
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ class SendGridDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "delivered")
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 19, 19, 47, 30, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 4, 19, 19, 47, 30, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_events[0])
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "4ab185c2-0171-492f-9ce0-27de258efc99")
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "nOSv8m0eTQ-vxvwNwt3fZQ")

tests/test_sendinblue_webhooks.py

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from unittest.mock import ANY
 
 from django.test import tag
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from anymail.signals import AnymailTrackingEvent
 from anymail.webhooks.sendinblue import SendinBlueTrackingWebhookView
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ class SendinBlueDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "queued")
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_event)
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 3, 6, 19, 10, 23, microsecond=0, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2018, 3, 6, 19, 10, 23, microsecond=0, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "<201803062010.27287306012@smtp-relay.mailin.fr>")
         self.assertIsNone(event.event_id)  # SendinBlue does not provide a unique event id
         self.assertEqual(event.recipient, "recipient@example.com")

tests/test_sparkpost_backend.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import json
-from datetime import date, datetime
+from datetime import date, datetime, timezone
 from decimal import Decimal
 from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
 from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from email.mime.text import MIMEText
 
 from django.core import mail
 from django.test import override_settings, tag
-from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone, override as override_current_timezone, utc
+from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone, override as override_current_timezone
 
 from anymail.exceptions import (
     AnymailAPIError, AnymailConfigurationError, AnymailRecipientsRefused,
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ class SparkPostBackendAnymailFeatureTests(SparkPostBackendMockAPITestCase):
             self.assertEqual(data["options"]["start_time"], "2016-03-04T05:06:07-08:00")
 
             # Explicit UTC:
-            self.message.send_at = datetime(2016, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, tzinfo=utc)
+            self.message.send_at = datetime(2016, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
             self.message.send()
             data = self.get_api_call_json()
             self.assertEqual(data["options"]["start_time"], "2016-03-04T05:06:07+00:00")

tests/test_sparkpost_webhooks.py

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 import json
-from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from unittest.mock import ANY
 
 from django.test import override_settings, tag
-from django.utils.timezone import utc
 
 from anymail.signals import AnymailTrackingEvent
 from anymail.webhooks.sparkpost import SparkPostTrackingWebhookView
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ class SparkPostDeliveryTestCase(WebhookTestCase):
         event = kwargs['event']
         self.assertIsInstance(event, AnymailTrackingEvent)
         self.assertEqual(event.event_type, "queued")
-        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 2, 2, 19, 50, 00, tzinfo=utc))
+        self.assertEqual(event.timestamp, datetime(2016, 2, 2, 19, 50, 00, tzinfo=timezone.utc))
         self.assertEqual(event.esp_event, raw_events[0])
         self.assertEqual(event.message_id, "65832150921904138")  # actually transmission_id
         self.assertEqual(event.event_id, "92356927693813856")

tox.ini

@@ -5,12 +5,14 @@ envlist =
     # Factors: django-python-extras
     # Test lint, docs, earliest/latest Django first, to catch most errors early...
     lint
-    django40-py310-all
+    django41-py310-all
     django20-py35-all
     docs
     # ... then test all the other supported combinations:
+    # Django 4.1: Python 3.8, 3.9, 3.10
+    django41-py{38,39,py38}-all
     # Django 4.0: Python 3.8, 3.9, 3.10
-    django40-py{38,39,py38}-all
+    django40-py{38,39,310,py38}-all
     # Django 3.2: Python 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9
     django32-py{36,37,38,39,py38}-all
     # Django 3.1: Python 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 (added in 3.1.3)
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ deps =
     django31: django~=3.1.0
     django32: django~=3.2.0
     django40: django~=4.0.0
+    django41: django~=4.1.0
     djangoDev: https://github.com/django/django/tarball/main
     old_urllib3: urllib3<1.25
 extras =