thrilltrack-explorer/docs/DATABASE_ARCHITECTURE.md

Database Architecture

Complete documentation of ThrillWiki's PostgreSQL database schema, Row-Level Security policies, and design patterns.

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Core Principles

1. NO JSONB for relational data - All data properly normalized
2. Metric-first storage - All measurements in metric (km/h, m, cm, kg)
3. Relational versioning - Full history without JSONB
4. RLS everywhere - Row-Level Security on all tables
5. Moderation-first - Direct writes blocked, all through approval flow

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Primary Entity Tables

parks

Public-facing theme park/amusement park entities.

CREATE TABLE parks (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  name TEXT NOT NULL,
  slug TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
  description TEXT,
  park_type TEXT CHECK (park_type IN ('theme_park', 'amusement_park', 'water_park', 'family_entertainment_center')),
  status TEXT CHECK (status IN ('operating', 'closed', 'seasonal', 'construction')),
  
  -- Dates with precision
  opening_date DATE,
  closing_date DATE,
  opening_date_precision TEXT CHECK (opening_date_precision IN ('day', 'month', 'year')),
  closing_date_precision TEXT CHECK (closing_date_precision IN ('day', 'month', 'year')),
  
  -- Relations
  location_id UUID REFERENCES locations(id),
  operator_id UUID REFERENCES companies(id),
  property_owner_id UUID REFERENCES companies(id),
  
  -- Contact
  website_url TEXT,
  phone TEXT,
  email TEXT,
  
  -- Images (CloudFlare IDs)
  banner_image_url TEXT,
  banner_image_id TEXT,
  card_image_url TEXT,
  card_image_id TEXT,
  
  -- Computed stats
  ride_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  coaster_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  average_rating NUMERIC(3,2),
  review_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  
  -- View tracking
  view_count_7d INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  view_count_30d INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  view_count_all INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- RLS: Public READ, direct INSERT/UPDATE blocked
CREATE POLICY "Public read access" ON parks FOR SELECT USING (true);
CREATE POLICY "Deny direct inserts" ON parks FOR INSERT WITH CHECK (false);
CREATE POLICY "Deny direct updates" ON parks FOR UPDATE USING (false);

rides

Roller coasters, flat rides, water rides, dark rides, etc.

CREATE TABLE rides (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  name TEXT NOT NULL,
  slug TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
  description TEXT,
  category TEXT CHECK (category IN ('roller_coaster', 'flat_ride', 'water_ride', 'dark_ride', 'transport', 'show', 'other')),
  status TEXT CHECK (status IN ('operating', 'closed', 'sbno', 'relocated', 'demolished')),
  
  -- Relations
  park_id UUID REFERENCES parks(id) NOT NULL,
  manufacturer_id UUID REFERENCES companies(id),
  designer_id UUID REFERENCES companies(id),
  ride_model_id UUID REFERENCES ride_models(id),
  
  -- Dates with precision
  opening_date DATE,
  closing_date DATE,
  opening_date_precision TEXT,
  closing_date_precision TEXT,
  
  -- Roller coaster stats (ALWAYS METRIC)
  max_speed_kmh NUMERIC(6,2),
  max_height_meters NUMERIC(6,2),
  length_meters NUMERIC(8,2),
  drop_height_meters NUMERIC(6,2),
  inversions INTEGER,
  max_g_force NUMERIC(4,2),
  duration_seconds INTEGER,
  capacity_per_hour INTEGER,
  height_requirement_cm NUMERIC(5,2),
  age_requirement INTEGER,
  
  coaster_type TEXT,
  seating_type TEXT,
  intensity_level TEXT CHECK (intensity_level IN ('low', 'moderate', 'high', 'extreme')),
  
  -- Images
  banner_image_url TEXT,
  banner_image_id TEXT,
  card_image_url TEXT,
  card_image_id TEXT,
  
  -- Computed stats
  average_rating NUMERIC(3,2),
  review_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  view_count_7d INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  view_count_30d INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  view_count_all INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- RLS: Public READ, direct writes blocked
CREATE POLICY "Public read access" ON rides FOR SELECT USING (true);
CREATE POLICY "Deny direct inserts" ON rides FOR INSERT WITH CHECK (false);
CREATE POLICY "Deny direct updates" ON rides FOR UPDATE USING (false);

companies

Manufacturers, designers, operators, property owners.

CREATE TABLE companies (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  name TEXT NOT NULL,
  slug TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
  description TEXT,
  company_type TEXT CHECK (company_type IN ('manufacturer', 'designer', 'operator', 'property_owner')),
  person_type TEXT CHECK (person_type IN ('company', 'individual', 'firm', 'organization')),
  
  founded_date DATE,
  founded_date_precision TEXT,
  founded_year INTEGER, -- Legacy, prefer founded_date
  
  headquarters_location TEXT,
  website_url TEXT,
  
  -- Images
  logo_url TEXT,
  banner_image_url TEXT,
  banner_image_id TEXT,
  card_image_url TEXT,
  card_image_id TEXT,
  
  -- Computed stats
  average_rating NUMERIC(3,2),
  review_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  view_count_7d INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  view_count_30d INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  view_count_all INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- RLS: Same as parks/rides

ride_models

Manufacturer's ride models (e.g., "Inverted Coaster", "Flying Coaster").

CREATE TABLE ride_models (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  name TEXT NOT NULL,
  slug TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
  manufacturer_id UUID REFERENCES companies(id) NOT NULL,
  category TEXT,
  ride_type TEXT,
  description TEXT,
  
  banner_image_url TEXT,
  banner_image_id TEXT,
  card_image_url TEXT,
  card_image_id TEXT,
  
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- RLS: Same as other entities

---

Relational Data Tables (NO JSONB!)

ride_coaster_stats

Normalized coaster statistics (replaces old JSONB column).

CREATE TABLE ride_coaster_stats (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  ride_id UUID REFERENCES rides(id) NOT NULL,
  stat_name TEXT NOT NULL, -- 'max_speed', 'height', 'length', etc.
  stat_value NUMERIC NOT NULL, -- ALWAYS METRIC
  unit TEXT NOT NULL, -- 'km/h', 'm', 'cm', 'kg'
  category TEXT, -- Grouping for UI
  description TEXT,
  display_order INTEGER,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- RLS: Public READ, moderators manage
CREATE POLICY "Public read" ON ride_coaster_stats FOR SELECT USING (true);
CREATE POLICY "Moderators manage" ON ride_coaster_stats FOR ALL 
  USING (is_moderator(auth.uid()));

ride_technical_specifications

Normalized technical specs (track type, launch system, etc.).

CREATE TABLE ride_technical_specifications (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  ride_id UUID REFERENCES rides(id) NOT NULL,
  spec_name TEXT NOT NULL,
  spec_value TEXT NOT NULL,
  spec_type TEXT CHECK (spec_type IN ('string', 'number', 'boolean', 'date')),
  category TEXT,
  unit TEXT,
  display_order INTEGER,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- RLS: Same as ride_coaster_stats

locations

Geographic locations for parks.

CREATE TABLE locations (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  name TEXT,
  country TEXT NOT NULL,
  state_province TEXT,
  city TEXT,
  postal_code TEXT,
  latitude NUMERIC(10,7),
  longitude NUMERIC(10,7),
  timezone TEXT,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- RLS: Public READ, moderators INSERT/UPDATE

---

User & Profile Tables

profiles

Public-facing user data (privacy-filtered).

CREATE TABLE profiles (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  user_id UUID REFERENCES auth.users(id) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
  username TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
  display_name TEXT,
  bio TEXT,
  avatar_url TEXT,
  avatar_image_id TEXT,
  
  -- Privacy
  preferred_pronouns TEXT,
  show_pronouns BOOLEAN DEFAULT false,
  privacy_level TEXT CHECK (privacy_level IN ('public', 'friends', 'private')) DEFAULT 'public',
  
  -- Preferences
  timezone TEXT,
  preferred_language TEXT,
  theme_preference TEXT CHECK (theme_preference IN ('light', 'dark', 'system')) DEFAULT 'system',
  
  -- Location
  location_id UUID REFERENCES locations(id),
  personal_location TEXT, -- User-entered
  home_park_id UUID REFERENCES parks(id),
  
  date_of_birth DATE,
  
  -- Stats
  ride_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  coaster_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  park_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  review_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  reputation_score INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  
  -- Moderation
  banned BOOLEAN DEFAULT false,
  deactivated BOOLEAN DEFAULT false,
  deactivated_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
  deactivation_reason TEXT,
  
  oauth_provider TEXT,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- RLS: Privacy-filtered via get_filtered_profile() function
CREATE POLICY "Privacy filtered" ON profiles FOR SELECT
  USING (get_filtered_profile(user_id, auth.uid()) IS NOT NULL);

user_roles

Role-based access control (ONE role per user).

CREATE TYPE app_role AS ENUM ('user', 'moderator', 'admin', 'superuser');

CREATE TABLE user_roles (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  user_id UUID REFERENCES auth.users(id) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
  role app_role NOT NULL DEFAULT 'user',
  granted_by UUID REFERENCES auth.users(id),
  granted_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- RLS: Moderators+ can read, admins+ can write (with MFA)
CREATE POLICY "Moderators read" ON user_roles FOR SELECT
  USING (is_moderator(auth.uid()));

CREATE POLICY "Admins write" ON user_roles FOR ALL
  USING (is_admin(auth.uid()) AND (NOT has_mfa_enabled(auth.uid()) OR has_aal2()));

user_ride_credits

User's tracked rides.

CREATE TABLE user_ride_credits (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  user_id UUID REFERENCES auth.users(id) NOT NULL,
  ride_id UUID REFERENCES rides(id) NOT NULL,
  first_ride_date DATE,
  last_ride_date DATE,
  ride_count INTEGER DEFAULT 1,
  sort_order INTEGER, -- For drag-drop sorting
  personal_notes TEXT,
  personal_rating NUMERIC(2,1) CHECK (personal_rating >= 1 AND personal_rating <= 5),
  personal_photo_id TEXT,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  
  UNIQUE(user_id, ride_id)
);

-- RLS: Users manage own credits
CREATE POLICY "Users manage own" ON user_ride_credits FOR ALL
  USING (auth.uid() = user_id);

---

Moderation System Tables

content_submissions

Main moderation queue.

CREATE TABLE content_submissions (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  user_id UUID REFERENCES auth.users(id), -- Nullable after anonymization
  submission_type TEXT CHECK (submission_type IN ('park', 'ride', 'company', 'ride_model', 'photo')),
  
  -- MINIMAL metadata only (NOT full form data!)
  content JSONB NOT NULL,
  
  status TEXT CHECK (status IN ('pending', 'partially_approved', 'approved', 'rejected')) DEFAULT 'pending',
  approval_mode TEXT CHECK (approval_mode IN ('full', 'selective')) DEFAULT 'full',
  
  reviewer_id UUID REFERENCES auth.users(id),
  reviewer_notes TEXT,
  
  submitted_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  reviewed_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
  resolved_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
  
  -- Lock management (15-minute locks)
  assigned_to UUID REFERENCES auth.users(id),
  assigned_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
  locked_until TIMESTAMPTZ,
  review_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
  first_reviewed_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
  
  -- Escalation
  escalated BOOLEAN DEFAULT false,
  escalated_by UUID REFERENCES auth.users(id),
  escalated_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
  escalation_reason TEXT,
  
  original_submission_id UUID REFERENCES content_submissions(id),
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- RLS: Users see own, moderators see all (with AAL2 if MFA enrolled)
CREATE POLICY "Users see own" ON content_submissions FOR SELECT
  USING (auth.uid() = user_id);

CREATE POLICY "Moderators see all" ON content_submissions FOR SELECT
  USING (is_moderator(auth.uid()) AND (NOT has_mfa_enabled(auth.uid()) OR has_aal2()));

submission_items

Actual submission data (normalized).

CREATE TABLE submission_items (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  submission_id UUID REFERENCES content_submissions(id) NOT NULL,
  item_type TEXT NOT NULL,
  action_type TEXT CHECK (action_type IN ('create', 'edit', 'delete')) NOT NULL,
  
  item_data JSONB NOT NULL, -- NEW data for this item
  original_data JSONB, -- OLD data for edits
  
  status TEXT CHECK (status IN ('pending', 'approved', 'rejected')) DEFAULT 'pending',
  order_index INTEGER NOT NULL,
  depends_on UUID REFERENCES submission_items(id), -- Dependency chain
  
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- RLS: Same as content_submissions

photo_submissions & photo_submission_items

Special handling for photo uploads.

CREATE TABLE photo_submissions (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  submission_id UUID REFERENCES content_submissions(id) NOT NULL,
  entity_type TEXT NOT NULL,
  entity_id UUID NOT NULL,
  parent_id UUID, -- Optional grouping
  title TEXT,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

CREATE TABLE photo_submission_items (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  photo_submission_id UUID REFERENCES photo_submissions(id) NOT NULL,
  cloudflare_image_id TEXT NOT NULL,
  cloudflare_image_url TEXT NOT NULL,
  title TEXT,
  caption TEXT,
  date_taken DATE,
  date_taken_precision TEXT,
  filename TEXT,
  mime_type TEXT,
  file_size BIGINT,
  order_index INTEGER,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

---

Versioning System Tables

Each entity has a corresponding _versions table with full relational data.

park_versions (example)

CREATE TABLE park_versions (
  version_id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  park_id UUID REFERENCES parks(id) NOT NULL,
  version_number INTEGER NOT NULL,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  created_by UUID REFERENCES auth.users(id),
  change_type version_change_type CHECK (change_type IN ('created', 'updated', 'deleted')),
  change_reason TEXT,
  submission_id UUID REFERENCES content_submissions(id),
  is_current BOOLEAN DEFAULT true,
  
  -- All park fields replicated (RELATIONAL, not JSONB!)
  name TEXT,
  slug TEXT,
  description TEXT,
  park_type TEXT,
  status TEXT,
  opening_date DATE,
  closing_date DATE,
  opening_date_precision TEXT,
  closing_date_precision TEXT,
  location_id UUID,
  operator_id UUID,
  property_owner_id UUID,
  website_url TEXT,
  phone TEXT,
  email TEXT,
  banner_image_url TEXT,
  banner_image_id TEXT,
  card_image_url TEXT,
  card_image_id TEXT,
  
  UNIQUE(park_id, version_number)
);

CREATE INDEX idx_park_versions_current ON park_versions(park_id, is_current) WHERE is_current = true;
CREATE INDEX idx_park_versions_created ON park_versions(created_at DESC);

Similar tables exist for: ride_versions, company_versions, ride_model_versions.

---

Row-Level Security Patterns

Pattern 1: Public Read, Moderation Write

CREATE POLICY "Public read access" ON {table} FOR SELECT USING (true);
CREATE POLICY "Deny direct inserts" ON {table} FOR INSERT WITH CHECK (false);
CREATE POLICY "Deny direct updates" ON {table} FOR UPDATE USING (false);

Pattern 2: User-Scoped Data

CREATE POLICY "Users manage own" ON {table} FOR ALL 
  USING (auth.uid() = user_id);

Pattern 3: Privacy-Filtered

CREATE POLICY "Privacy filtered" ON profiles FOR SELECT
  USING (get_filtered_profile(user_id, auth.uid()) IS NOT NULL);

Pattern 4: Moderator+ Access with MFA

CREATE POLICY "Moderators can manage" ON {table} FOR ALL
  USING (
    is_moderator(auth.uid()) AND 
    (NOT has_mfa_enabled(auth.uid()) OR has_aal2())
  );

---

Helper Functions

is_moderator()

CREATE FUNCTION is_moderator(user_id UUID) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
  SELECT EXISTS (
    SELECT 1 FROM user_roles
    WHERE user_id = $1 AND role IN ('moderator', 'admin', 'superuser')
  );
$$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE SECURITY DEFINER;

get_filtered_profile()

Implements privacy filtering based on privacy_level.

CREATE FUNCTION get_filtered_profile(
  profile_user_id UUID,
  requesting_user_id UUID
) RETURNS profiles AS $$
  -- Complex logic to filter based on privacy settings
$$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE SECURITY DEFINER;

---

Indexing Strategy

-- Entity lookups
CREATE INDEX idx_parks_slug ON parks(slug);
CREATE INDEX idx_rides_park ON rides(park_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_rides_status ON rides(status);

-- Moderation queue
CREATE INDEX idx_submissions_status ON content_submissions(status) WHERE status IN ('pending', 'partially_approved');
CREATE INDEX idx_submissions_assigned ON content_submissions(assigned_to, locked_until);

-- View tracking
CREATE INDEX idx_page_views_entity ON entity_page_views(entity_type, entity_id, viewed_at DESC);

-- User credits
CREATE INDEX idx_ride_credits_user ON user_ride_credits(user_id, sort_order);

---

See Also:

• FRONTEND_ARCHITECTURE.md - How frontend interacts with database
• SUBMISSION_FLOW.md - How submissions flow through moderation
• versioning/SCHEMA.md - Detailed versioning system